Antibiotic Prophylaxis to Reduce Respiratory Tract Infections and Mortality in Adults Receiving Intensive Care

BACKGROUND: Pneumonia is an important cause of mortality in intensive care units (ICUs). The incidence of pneumonia in ICU patients ranges between 7% and 40%, and the crude mortality from ventilator-associated pneumonia may exceed 50%. Although not all deaths in patients with this form of pneumonia are directly attributable to pneumonia, it has been shown to contribute to mortality in ICUs independently of other factors that are also strongly associated with such deaths. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of prophylactic antibiotic regimens, such as selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) for the prevention of respiratory tract infections (RTIs) and overall mortality in adults receiving intensive care. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2009, issue 1), which contains the Cochrane Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) Group's Specialised Register; MEDLINE (January 1966 to March 2009); and EMBASE (January 1990 to March 2009). SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of antibiotic prophylaxis for RTIs and deaths among adult ICU patients. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: At least two review authors independently extracted data and assessed trial quality. MAIN RESULTS: We included 36 trials involving 6914 people. There was variation in the antibiotics used, patient characteristics and risk of RTIs and mortality in the control groups. In trials comparing a combination of topical and systemic antibiotics, there was a significant reduction in both RTIs (number of studies = 16, odds ratio (OR) 0.28, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.20 to 0.38) and total mortality (number of studies = 17, OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.65 to 0.87) in the treated group. In trials comparing topical antimicrobials alone (or comparing topical plus systemic versus systemic alone) there was a significant reduction in RTIs (number of studies = 17, OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.63) but not in total mortality (number of studies = 19, OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.16) in the treated group. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: A combination of topical and systemic prophylactic antibiotics reduces RTIs and overall mortality in adult patients receiving intensive care. Treatment based on the use of topical prophylaxis alone reduces respiratory infections but not mortality. The risk of resistance occurring as a negative consequence of antibiotic use was appropriately explored only in one trial which did not show any such effect

Healthcare providers' adherence to breast cancer guidelines in Europe : a systematic literature review

Clinical guidelines' (CGs) adherence supports high-quality care. However, healthcare providers do not always comply with CGs recommendations. This systematic literature review aims to assess the extent of healthcare providers' adherence to breast cancer CGs in Europe and to identify the factors that impact on healthcare providers' adherence. We searched for systematic reviews and quantitative or qualitative primary studies in MEDLINE and Embase up to May 2019. The eligibility assessment, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment were conducted by one author and cross-checked by a second author. We conducted a narrative synthesis attending to the modality of the healthcare process, methods to measure adherence, the scope of the CGs, and population characteristics. Out of 8137 references, we included 41 primary studies conducted in eight European countries. Most followed a retrospective cohort design (19/41; 46%) and were at low or moderate risk of bias. Adherence for overall breast cancer care process (from diagnosis to follow-up) ranged from 54 to 69%; for overall treatment process [including surgery, chemotherapy (CT), endocrine therapy (ET), and radiotherapy (RT)] the median adherence was 57.5% (interquartile range (IQR) 38.8-67.3%), while for systemic therapy (CT and ET) it was 76% (IQR 68-77%). The median adherence for the processes assessed individually was higher, ranging from 74% (IQR 10-80%), for the follow-up, to 90% (IQR 87-92.5%) for ET. Internal factors that potentially impact on healthcare providers' adherence were their perceptions, preferences, lack of knowledge, or intentional decisions. A substantial proportion of breast cancer patients are not receiving CGs-recommended care. Healthcare providers' adherence to breast cancer CGs in Europe has room for improvement in almost all care processes. CGs development and implementation processes should address the main factors that influence healthcare providers' adherence, especially patient-related ones. Registration:: PROSPERO (CRD42018092884)

La produzione di raccomandazioni cliniche con il metodo GRADE: l'esperienza sui farmaci oncologici

Questo Dossier \ue8 dedicato alla presentazione del background scientifico e dei risultati del Progetto AFO (Appropriatezza farmaci oncologici) sviluppato dall\u2019Agenzia sanitaria e sociale della Regione Emilia-Romagna nell\u2019ambito del Programma Ricerca e innovazione (PRI E-R). Dal punto di vista del background scientifico l\u2019elemento di originalit\ue0 del progetto \ue8 stato la sperimentazione dell\u2019uso del metodo GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) per la produzione e graduazione di raccomandazioni cliniche relative all\u2019effetto degli interventi sanitari. Il metodo GRADE \ue8 nato dall\u2019attivit\ue0 avviata nel 2000 di un gruppo di lavoro internazionale che ha ritenuto necessario mettere a punto un approccio unificato alla produzione di raccomandazioni cliniche in presenza di una molteplicit\ue0 di sistemi di grading tra loro non sempre coerenti e la cui variabilit\ue0 mette in serio pericolo la fruibilit\ue0 dello strumento linee guida/raccomandazioni. Dal punto di vista dei contenuti e delle modalit\ue0 operative, il Progetto AFO - che ha anche ottenuto un finanziamento da parte del Ministero del Lavoro, della salute e delle politiche sociali nell\u2019ambito del Programma Ricerca finalizzata (Fondo ex art. 12 DLgs 502/1992) - \ue8 nato con l\u2019obiettivo di sperimentare la possibilit\ue0 di coinvolgere gruppi multidisciplinari di clinici nella produzione di raccomandazioni sull\u2019uso appropriato di farmaci oncologici, sia nuovi sia gi\ue0 registrati ma in evoluzione per quanto riguarda le indicazioni cliniche. Nella prima parte del Dossier, dopo una breve introduzione relativa alla filosofia del programma PRI E-R e agli scopi del progetto AFO, viene presentato il metodo GRADE, le sue assunzioni e le tappe operative di applicazione. Nella seconda parte vengono presentati i risultati del lavoro dei tre panel multisciplinari che hanno prodotto complessivamente 32 raccomandazioni per la terapia adiuvante e la fase avanzata del trattamento dei tumori della mammella, del colon retto e del polmone. Conclude la seconda parte del Dossier una discussione circa le criticit\ue0 di applicazione del metodo e le potenzialit\ue0 e i limiti del suo utilizzo per la produzione di strumenti utili al miglioramento dell\u2019appropriatezza d\u2019uso dei farmaci. Nell\u2019Appendice viene infine riportato, a scopo esemplificativo, il testo di due raccomandazioni relative all\u2019uso del trastuzumab nella terapia adiuvante del tumore della mammella e delle fluoropirimidine nella terapia adiuvante del tumore del colon.This report is devoted to the presentation of the scientific background and results of the AFO (an acronym standing for Appropriateness of Oncologic Drugs) project developed by the Health Care and Social Agency of Emilia-Romagna region in the framework of the Research and Innovation program (PRI E-R). From the methodological standpoint the novelty of the project stems from the utilisation of the GRADE method (Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) for the production and grading of clinical recommendations on the effects of health care interventions. The GRADE method originated from the work of an international working group that, starting 2001, was convened to go beyond the variations in the existing methods for producing and grading clinical recommendations. These variations were mostly due to conceptual inconsistencies that, if not properly recognised and addressed, would jeopardise the credibility of the entire guidelines movement. From the subject matter standpoint the AFO project - which was also partially supported by a research grant from the Italian Ministry of Welfare, Health and Social Affairs - was conceived to test the feasibility of a working methodology where multidisciplinary panels of clinicians would be convened to produce clinical recommendations on newly registered drugs as well as those already in widespread use but whose indications change over time. In the first part of the report, after a brief introduction on the working hypotheses and objectives of the PRI ER program and the AFO project, the GRADE method is presented and discussed. In the second part the results of the activities of the three panels that produced a total of 32 recommendations for the adjuvant and advanced treatment of breast, colorectal and lung cancer are reported. The final session of the report addresses some open issues relative to the application of the GRADE method to the production of clinical recommendations construed with the explicit aim of improving quality and appropriateness of care in oncology. In the Appendix, two examples of the recommendations produced though this project are presented: they refer to Trastuzumab in the treatment of early breast cancer and Fluoropirimide in the adjuvant therapy of colon cancer

The effectiveness of strategies to change organisational culture to improve healthcare performance: a systematic review

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Organisational culture is an anthropological metaphor used to inform research and consultancy and to explain organisational environments. In recent years, increasing emphasis has been placed on the need to change organisational culture in order to improve healthcare performance. However, the precise function of organisational culture in healthcare policy often remains underspecified and the desirability and feasibility of strategies to be adopted have been called into question. The objective of this review was to determine the effectiveness of strategies to change organisational culture in order to improve healthcare performance.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We searched the following electronic databases: The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Sociological Abstracts, Web of Knowledge, PsycINFO, Business and Management, EThOS, Index to Theses, Intute, HMIC, SIGLE, and Scopus until October 2009. The Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness (DARE) was searched for related reviews. We also searched the reference lists of all papers and relevant reviews identified, and we contacted experts in the field for advice on further potential studies. We considered randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or well designed quasi-experimental studies (controlled clinical trials (CCTs), controlled before and after studies (CBAs), and interrupted time series (ITS) analyses). Studies could be set in any type of healthcare organisation in which strategies to change organisational culture in order to improve healthcare performance were applied. Our main outcomes were objective measures of professional performance and patient outcome.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The search strategy yielded 4,239 records. After the full text assessment, two CBA studies were included in the review. They both assessed the impact of interventions aimed at changing organisational culture, but one evaluated the impact on work-related and personal outcomes while the other measured clinical outcomes. Both were at high risk of bias. Both reported positive results.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Current available evidence does not identify any effective, generalisable strategies to change organisational culture. Healthcare organisations considering implementing interventions aimed at changing culture should seriously consider conducting an evaluation (using a robust design, <it>e.g.</it>, ITS) to strengthen the evidence about this topic.</p

Application of evidence-based methods to construct mechanism-driven chemical assessment frameworks

The workshop titled “Application of evidence-based methods to construct mechanism-driven chemical assessment frameworks” was co-organized by the Evidence-based Toxicology Collaboration and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and hosted by EFSA at its headquarters in Parma, Italy on October 2 and 3, 2019. The goal was to explore integration of systematic review with mechanistic evidence evaluation. Participants were invited to work on concrete products to advance the exploration of how evidence-based approaches can support the development and application of adverse outcome pathways (AOP) in chemical risk assessment. The workshop discussions were centered around three related themes: 1) assessing certainty in AOPs, 2) literature-based AOP development, and 3) integrating certainty in AOPs and non-animal evidence into decision frameworks. Several challenges, mostly related to methodology, were identified and largely determined the workshop recommendations. The workshop recommendations included the comparison and potential alignment of processes used to develop AOP and systematic review methodology, including the translation of vocabulary of evidence-based methods to AOP and vice versa, the development and improvement of evidence mapping and text mining methods and tools, as well as a call for a fundamental change in chemical risk and uncertainty assessment methodology if to be conducted based on AOPs and new approach methodologies (NAM). The usefulness of evidence-based approaches for mechanism-based chemical risk assessments was stressed, particularly the potential contribution of the rigor and transparency inherent to such approaches in building stakeholders’ trust for implementation of NAM evidence and AOPs into chemical risk assessment

Monitoring and evaluation of breast cancer screening programmes : Selecting candidate performance indicators

In the scope of the European Commission Initiative on Breast Cancer (ECIBC) the Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) subgroup was tasked to identify breast cancer screening programme (BCSP) performance indicators, including their acceptable and desirable levels, which are associated with breast cancer (BC) mortality. This paper documents the methodology used for the indicator selection. The indicators were identified through a multi-stage process. First, a scoping review was conducted to identify existing performance indicators. Second, building on existing frameworks for making well-informed health care choices, a specific conceptual framework was developed to guide the indicator selection. Third, two group exercises including a rating and ranking survey were conducted for indicator selection using pre-determined criteria, such as: relevance, measurability, accurateness, ethics and understandability. The selected indicators were mapped onto a BC screening pathway developed by the M&E subgroup to illustrate the steps of BC screening common to all EU countries. A total of 96 indicators were identified from an initial list of 1325 indicators. After removing redundant and irrelevant indicators and adding those missing, 39 candidate indicators underwent the rating and ranking exercise. Based on the results, the M&E subgroup selected 13 indicators: screening coverage, participation rate, recall rate, breast cancer detection rate, invasive breast cancer detection rate, cancers > 20 mm, cancers ≤10 mm, lymph node status, interval cancer rate, episode sensitivity, time interval between screening and first treatment, benign open surgical biopsy rate, and mastectomy rate. This systematic approach led to the identification of 13 BCSP candidate performance indicators to be further evaluated for their association with BC mortality

Testing the leadership and organizational change for implementation (LOCI) intervention in substance abuse treatment: A cluster randomized trial study protocol

© 2017 The Author(s). Background: Evidence-based practice (EBP) implementation represents a strategic change in organizations that requires effective leadership and alignment of leadership and organizational support across organizational levels. As such, there is a need for combining leadership development with organizational strategies to support organizational climate conducive to EBP implementation. The leadership and organizational change for implementation (LOCI) intervention includes leadership training for workgroup leaders, ongoing implementation leadership coaching, 360° assessment, and strategic planning with top and middle management regarding how they can support workgroup leaders in developing a positive EBP implementation climate. Methods: This test of the LOCI intervention will take place in conjunction with the implementation of motivational interviewing (MI) in 60 substance use disorder treatment programs in California, USA. Participants will include agency executives, 60 program leaders, and approximately 360 treatment staff. LOCI will be tested using a multiple cohort, cluster randomized trial that randomizes workgroups (i.e., programs) within agency to either LOCI or a webinar leadership training control condition in three consecutive cohorts. The LOCI intervention is 12months, and the webinar control intervention takes place in months 1, 5, and 8, for each cohort. Web-based surveys of staff and supervisors will be used to collect data on leadership, implementation climate, provider attitudes, and citizenship. Audio recordings of counseling sessions will be coded for MI fidelity. The unit of analysis will be the workgroup, randomized by site within agency and with care taken that co-located workgroups are assigned to the same condition to avoid contamination. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) will be used to analyze the data to account for the nested data structure. Discussion: LOCI has been developed to be a feasible and effective approach for organizations to create a positive climate and fertile context for EBP implementation. The approach seeks to cultivate and sustain both effective general and implementation leadership as well as organizational strategies and support that will remain after the study has ended. Development of a positive implementation climate for MI should result in more positive service provider attitudes and behaviors related to the use of MI and, ultimately, higher fidelity in the use of MI. Trial registration: This study is registered with Clinicaltrials.gov ( NCT03042832 ), 2 February 2017, retrospectively registered